Voiceover Voice:
I have a covenant with God, God has put me here, God has spoken to me, and therefore those who oppose me are godless.
Helena Martin:
This is Chapter, Verse, and Season: a lectionary podcast from Yale Bible Study. Join for one last episode as two Yale Divinity School professors look at an upcoming text from the Revised Common Lectionary.
So, this is our last episode of the podcast that’s about one of the biblical texts. We’ve come to the end of another liturgical year, and the end of the three-year cycle. But we do have one more episode for you next week, too. That’s a conversation between me, your Executive Producer and Host, and Joel Baden, the Creator and Managing Editor of the podcast and we talk about where the idea for the podcast came from and some of the behind-the-scenes insights into what the process was like. So I hope you’ll stick around for one more episode next week in that debriefing conversation!
But this week, we have Joel Baden, who’s also Professor of Hebrew Bible and Director of the Center for Continuing Education, talking to Harry Attridge, Sterling Professor of Divinity. And Professor Attridge was here at the very beginning of Yale Bible Study, by the way. He was part of the first video conversations that later turned into Yale Bible Study, which were recorded seventeen years ago. So I’m really glad he could help us close out the podcast in these past few episodes.
Professors Baden and Attridge are discussing 2 Samuel 23:1-7, which is appointed for Track 1 of the Twenty-Seventh Sunday after Pentecost, the Reign of Christ, Proper 29, in Year B. Here’s the text.
[2 Samuel 23:1-7]
Now these are the last words of David: The oracle of David, son of Jesse, the oracle of the man whom God exalted, the anointed of the God of Jacob, the favorite of the Strong One of Israel: The spirit of the Lord speaks through me; his word is upon my tongue. The God of Israel has spoken; the Rock of Israel has said to me: “One who rules over people justly, ruling in the fear of God, is like the light of morning, like the sun rising on a cloudless morning, gleaming from the rain on the grassy land.” Is not my house like this with God? For he has made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things and secure. Will he not cause to prosper all my help and my desire? But the godless[b] are all like thorns that are thrown away, for they cannot be picked up with the hand; to touch them one uses an iron bar or the shaft of a spear. And they are entirely consumed in fire on the spot.
Harry Attridge:
So, Joel, today, the celebration of the Reign of Christ the King brings up an important motif in the New Testament and in early Christianity that Jesus is somehow a descendant of David and somehow King of Israel. But we know that Jesus himself had some critical comments about what kingship meant. And the other reading today, from the encounter between Jesus and Pilate, points in that direction. And Jesus resists the title of king in a significant way. But the text here is from the Old Testament and the last words of David where he’s thinking about his kingship. What do you make of them?
Joel Baden:
He’s not resisting, I’ll tell you that much. And that’s true of David throughout his entire story. There’s a sort of a veneer of resistance perhaps of sort of like, I’m not sure that I deserve this, or I want this, but a real striving for it. And certainly, here at the end there seems to be no question, right? “The God of Israel has spoken. He has made with me an everlasting covenant, ordered in all things and secure. Will he not cause to prosper all my help and my desire?” This is a king who is pretty confident of his place on the throne, I think. One of the things in particular that is noteworthy here, as I just read, is the “He has made with me an everlasting covenant.” Now, as as you well know, Harry, the notion of the Davidic covenant is of enormous importance, not just in the Old Testament but in the New Testament as well. I think it plays into exactly what you’re saying about, you know, that’s part of why Jesus’s lineage is traced back to David is this, there’s a notion of a covenant made between God and David that David’s line will always rule. And so if Christ is going to achieve kingship over Israel, be it reluctantly or not, it’s going to be related to David’s.
I’m pretty sure that this verse is the only place in the actual David story in the Hebrew Bible where there’s any mention made of such a covenant. It comes up later. Later texts will reflect back on the notion of a covenant between God and David and David’s descendants being on the throne forever. I think most of that notion is from much later historically. That is, it’s from kings of the Davidic line later on who are celebrating and justifying their continued rule and hoping for its continuation into the future. But I don’t think that was the kind of thing that was floating around in David’s own time. I mean, after all, David had a little trouble getting onto and staying on the throne. But here to have it be David’s own voice that says, “God made an everlasting covenant with me.” Canonically, for this to be the first time that that ever comes up, there’s a certain ego involved, perhaps, which feels relatively true to life for the David that we know from these pages.
Harry Attridge:
Mm hmm. The passage ends with a rather threatening kind of comment, doesn’t it? About the ungodly and about how they’re to be dealt with. To touch them only with a tool of iron. They’re fit only for burning where they lie. Is this an image of royal activity that ought to be affirmed? [Baden laughs]
Joel Baden:
Ought to be? I don’t know. Back in the day certainly this was, I mean, if you think about the last, this is described as the last words of David, but of course he’s going to live a little bit longer. Right? And in fact, the very last words of David at the beginning, the first chapter of the Book of Kings is David instructing Solomon, his son, what to do with all of his various friends and enemies. And the answer to his enemies is this. Now, should we be celebrating such things? I think that in this day and age political retribution, or in this case, violent retribution against one’s political enemies feels appallingly present in our day. And I think it’s safe to say most people of good faith and heart hear would reject it. But here, David is celebrating. It’s really interesting to me. It’s just, “the godless are like thorns that are thrown away”, as a word for describing David’s enemies presumably. He’s really in this little poem claiming the mantle of God, right? I have a covenant with God, God has put me here, God has spoken to me, and therefore those who oppose me are godless. And that’s, even back then, I think that’s pretty strong language. I think that’s pretty aggressive.
Harry Attridge:
Do you know if this text has been used in contemporary political conversations or…?
Joel Baden:
I don’t know if this text has, but David certainly, you know, is always present. I mean, David is one of the constants. Whether it’s amazingly with David, you can, if you are an underdog, then you’re David versus Goliath. And if you’re, you know, ruling, then you’re David ruling. David is useful for everybody. So yeah, I haven’t heard this one particularly tossed around. But it’s certainly, it feels so relevant.
I’m also, I will say I’m also fascinated by the line you were just reading about, like, the very last line in my translation says, to touch them one uses an iron bar or the shaft of a spear. Like, as if there’s a sense of almost impurity there also, right? They’re godless, you don’t want to touch them with your hands, you only want to touch them this way. And they’re consumed in fire on the spot. Burned away and removed. There’s really a, and that also, I must say, feels very present day and its sort of political discourse. It’s like those who oppose us are godless, impure, not to be touched. I’ll also mention just in passing, to touch someone using an iron bar or the shaft of a spear, to my ear sounds like nothing more than Goliath, who has a spear. This is, it’s like Goliath weapon language.
Harry Attridge:
So there’s a certain ironic touch here with David becoming Goliath.
Joel Baden:
That’s what I hear. I hear him and that makes sense, right? He’s gone from the kid with the slingshot who really, who had been sort of secretly anointed but had no claim to the throne, and in any case was the man after God’s own heart. So now he’s got all the trappings of the Imperium.
Harry Attridge:
Is there some sense that the author of Samuel and Kings might be aware of that irony?
Joel Baden:
Well, what I’ll say is that within the books of Samuel and Kings, there is a really clearly an ongoing debate about kingship, as you know. That there are texts that seem to, especially one’s like this out of David’s mouth that seem to really celebrate the power and authority of the king or texts that celebrate Solomon’s great might and his wealth and his armies and his wives and all of this. And then there are other texts that are very clearly deeply nervous about the kind of authority that a king could wield. And so I’m certainly willing to leave open the possibility that in the midst of all of these different kinds of discourses and, you know, the books of Samuel and Kings are a mixture of older poetic material, something like this perhaps, contemporary with probably David and Solomon, I think, sort of historical kind of material, uh, later reflect theological reflections on it. There’s, there’s many layers going on here. The text I think has really shaped a debate about kingship which means that it’s very difficult to read a text like this and take it simply at face value. Right? The Book of Samuel is not necessarily celebrating kingship the way that the character of David is. It has to be put within the broader context of the discourse, I think.
Harry Attridge:
Yeah, and that’s probably important to keep in mind in assessing New Testament texts about kingship and the way it’s associated with Jesus.
Joel Baden:
Yeah, I think it’s an ongoing debate. I think it comes down into modernity. I think there are ongoing debates about kingship as a form of rule and what it means, if it exists, for it to be a positive thing.
Helena Martin:
Thanks for listening. You can visit our website for more Bible study resources: YaleBibleStudy.org.
Chapter, Verse, and Season is a production of the Center for Continuing Education at Yale Divinity School. It’s produced by: Creator and Managing Editor, Joel Baden; Production Manager, Kelly Morrissey; Associate Producer, Aidan Stoddart; and I’m your Host and Executive Producer, Helena Martin. And our theme music is by Calvin Linderman.
We’ll be back with another conversation from Chapter, Verse, and Season.